Benchmarks

Gateway’s PRE implementation is optimized for both performance and security. These benchmarks provide insights into the performance characteristics of different operations across various scenarios.

Core Operations

Single Operations

Operation	Average Time	Memory Usage	Notes
Key Generation	5.2ms	2.4KB	One-time cost per user
Transform Key Gen	10.1ms	3.2KB	Can be pre-computed
Encryption (1KB)	2.3ms	4.8KB	Includes DEK generation
Transform	5.4ms	2.8KB	Constant time
Decryption (1KB)	2.1ms	4.2KB	Includes DEK recovery

Scaling with Data Size

Multi-hop Performance

Transform Chain Length Impact

Hops	Total Time	Memory Peak	Network I/O
1	5.4ms	2.8KB	1.2KB
2	10.9ms	3.2KB	2.4KB
3	16.4ms	3.6KB	3.6KB
4	21.8ms	4.0KB	4.8KB

Batch Processing

Batch Size	Avg Time/Item	Total Time	Memory Usage
1	5.4ms	5.4ms	2.8KB
10	4.2ms	42ms	12KB
100	3.8ms	380ms	96KB
1000	3.5ms	3.5s	840KB

Network Performance

Latency Impact

Throughput

Scenario	Operations/sec	Bandwidth Required
Single Node	185	240KB/s
Cluster (3 nodes)	520	680KB/s
Cluster (10 nodes)	1650	2.1MB/s

Hardware Impact

CPU Utilization

Operation	Single Core	Multi Core	GPU Accelerated
Key Gen	100%	35%	N/A
Transform	80%	30%	N/A
Batch Transform	100%	85%	N/A

Memory Profile

Component	Base Usage	Peak Usage	Notes
Service	24MB	128MB	Per instance
Transform Cache	12MB	64MB	Configurable
Key Storage	8MB	32MB	Scales with users

Optimization Tips

1. Batch Processing

   • Group related transforms
   • Pipeline operations
   • Use connection pooling

2. Key Management

   • Pre-compute transform keys
   • Cache hot keys
   • Implement key rotation

3. Network Optimization

   • Use connection pooling
   • Implement request batching
   • Consider geographical distribution

Comparison with Other Systems

System	Key Gen	Transform	Memory Usage	Security Level
Gateway PRE	5.2ms	5.4ms	Low	256-bit
NuCypher	8.1ms	7.2ms	Medium	256-bit
AFGH	12.3ms	9.8ms	High	128-bit
BBS98	4.2ms	4.8ms	Low	128-bit